L’accueil des migrants par le sport : l'Europe à la croi-sée de philosophies politiques différenciées

Migrant Reception through Sport: Europe at the Cros-sroads of Different Political Philosophies

Authors

Abstract

There has been an unprecedented increase in the number of displaced people arriving in Europe in mid-2010. The reception of these populations has resulted in controversial responses and varying degrees of support, reflecting contrasting ideas of citizenship analyzed as 'political philosophies' (Favell, 1998). Many sports programmes for the inclusion of migrants have been developed in this context. However, the political objectives of these initiatives remain unclear beyond claims of the vague social and educational benefits of sport (Gasparini, 2008). Based on a cross-sectional survey of the objectives of 258 sports programmes, this paper identifies three “Ideal Types” (Weber, 1971) of political philosophies of the use of sport for migrant populations: emancipation - emphasizing the free development and well-being of individuals - integration - aiming to foster social affiliation through language and work - and protection - based on a logic of physical and/or psychological care. Although in reality none of the programmes sticks exclusively to these ideal types, and the boundaries between the categories are blurred, highlighting them enables us to envisage a political analysis of these sports programmes and of the impacts they hope to achieve.

References

Agergaard, S., Michelsen la Cour, A., & Gregersen, M. T. (2016). Politicisation of migrant leisure: a public and civil intervention involving organised sports. Leisure studies, 35(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1009848

Agergaard, S. (2018). Rethinking sports and integration: developing a transnational pers-pective on migrants and descendants in sports. Routledge. London.

Beck, U. (2001). La société du risque. París: Aubier. [ed.or. Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1986].

Berramdane, A., & Rossetto, J. (2009). La politique européenne d'immigration. Karthala Editions.

Bommes, M., & Morawska, E. (2009). International Migration Research: Constructions, Omissions and the Promises of Interdisciplinarity. Aldershot: Ashgate. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315251998

Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and nationhood in Germany and France. Cambridge, Mass.

Castel, R. (1994). La dynamique des processus de marginalisation: de la vulnérabilité à la désaffiliation. Cahiers de recherche sociologique, (22), 11-27. https://doi.org/10.7202/1002206ar

Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E., & Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the field. Home Office online report, 29(03), 115-118.

Defrance, J. (2000). La politique de l'apolitisme. Sur l'autonomisation du champ sportif. Politix. Revue des sciences sociales du politique, 13(50), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.3406/polix.2000.1084

Demazière, D., & Dubar, C. (2005). Récits d´ insertion de jeunes et régimes de temporalité. Temporalités. Revue de sciences sociales et humaines, (3). https://doi.org/10.4000/temporalites.452

D'Halluin-Mabillot, E. (2012). Les épreuves de l'asile. Associations et réfugiés face aux po-litiques du soupçon.Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.

Elling, A., De Knop, P., & Knoppers, A. (2001). The social integrative meaning of sport: A critical and comparative analysis of policy and practice in the Netherlands. Sociology of sport journal, 18(4), 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.18.4.414

Fassin, D. (2001). Quand le corps fait loi. La raison humanitaire dans les procédures de ré-gularisation des étrangers. Sciences sociales et santé, 19(4), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.3406/sosan.2001.1533

Fassin, D. (2012). Économies morales et justices locales. Revue française de sociologie, 53(4), 651-655. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.534.0651

Fassin, D. (2015). La Raison humanitaire. Une histoire morale du temps présent. Média Diffusion.

Favell, A. (1998). Philosophies of integration: Immigration and the idea of citizenship in France and Britain. Palgrave Macmillan.

Favell, A. (2001). Integration policy and integration research in Europe: a review and criti-que. In T. A. Aleinikoff & D. Klusmeyer (Eds.). Citizenship today: global perspectives and practices. (pp. 351 – 352). Brookings Institution Press.

Freedman, J. (2017). Peur, honte, humiliation? Les émotions complexes des demandeurs d’asile et des réfugiés en Europe. Migrations Société, (2), 23-34.

Fleischmann, L., & Steinhilper, E. (2017). The myth of apolitical volunteering for refugees: German welcome culture and a new dispositif of helping. Social Inclusion, 5(3), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i3.945

Flensner, K. K., Korp, P., & Lindgren, E. C. (2021). Integration into and through sports? Sport-activities for migrant children and youths. European Journal for Sport and Society, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2020.1823689

Fonzo, E. (2019). Intercultural Dialogue and Integration of Migrants through Sport. Expe-riences in Campania region. Journal of Mediterranean Knowledge, 4(1), 31-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26409/2019JMK4.1.03

Gasparini, W. (2008). L'intégration par le sport. Sociétés contemporaines, (1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.3917/soco.069.0007

Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Uni-versity of California Press.

Geddes, M., Davies, J., & Fuller, C. (2007). Evaluating local strategic partnerships: theory and practice of change. Local Government Studies, 33(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930601081358

Ha, J. & Lyras, (2013). Sport for refugee youth in a new society: the role of acculturation in sport for developing and peace programming. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 35(2), 121-140.

Hartog, F. (2003). Régimes d’historicité. Présentisme et expériences du temps.Le Seuil, Pa-ris.

Henry, I., Amara, M., & Aquilina, D. (2007). Multiculturalism, interculturalism, assimilation and sports policy in Europe. In I. P. Henry (Eds.). Transnational and comparative research in sport: globalisation, governance and sport policy. London: Routledge.

Joppke, C. (2007). Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe. West European Politics, 30(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019613

Karakayali, S., & Kleist, J. O. (2016). Volunteers and asylum seekers. Forced Migration Review, (51), 65.

Karolewski, I. P., & Benedikter, R. (2018). Europe’s refugee and migrant crisis. Politique europeenne, (2), 98-132. https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.060.0098

Koopmans, R., & Statham, P. (1999). Challenging the liberal nation-state? Postnationalism, multiculturalism, and the collective claims making of migrants and ethnic minorities in Britain and Germany. American Journal of sociology, 105(3), 652-696. https://doi.org/10.1086/210357

Le Breton, D. (2003). Activités physiques et sportives et intégration: aspects anthropologi-ques. Empan, (3), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.3917/empa.051.0058

Le Yondre, F. (2019). Le sport pour l'accueil des migrants : finalité, support ou outil ? Juri-sport, 197, 29-32.

Long, J., Hylton, K., Lewis, H., Ratna, A., & Spracklen, K. (2011). Space for inclusion? The construction of sport and leisure spaces as places for migrant communities. In A. Ratna, & B. Lashua (Eds.). Community and Inclusion in Leisure Research and Sport Development. (pp. 33 - 53). Leisure Studies Association.

McGee, D., & Pelham, J. (2018). Politics at play: locating human rights, refugees and gras-sroots humanitarianism in the Calais Jungle. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1406979

Meier, H. E., & Leinwather, M. (2013). Finally a ‘taste for diversity’? National identity, consumer discrimination, and the multi-ethnic German national football team. European Sociological Review, 29(6), 1201-1213. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jct011

Printz, A. (2020). L’inclusion : clarification d’un champ notionnel. Mots. Les langages du politique, 1(1), 75-9. https://doi.org/10.4000/mots.26180

Purgato, M., Richards, J., Prina, E., Kip, A., Del Piccolo, L., Michencigh, G., & Barbui, C. (2021). Efficacy of physical activity interventions on psychological outcomes in refu-gee, asylum seeker and migrant populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 101901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101901

Réa A., Martiniello M., Mazzola A., Meuleman B. (eds.), (2019). The refugee reception crisis: Polarized opinions and mobilizations. Bruxelles, Éditions de l'Université de Bru-xelles.

Rutter, J. (2006). Refugee children in the UK. Maidenhead, Open University Presse.

Scherr, A. (2016). Sozialstaat, Soziale Arbeit und die Grenzen der Hilfe. In Scherr (eds.). Neue Praxis. Flucht, Sozialstaat und Soziale Arbeit (pp.9-20). Verlag neue Praxis.

Scholten, P. (2016). Between national models and multi-level decoupling: The pursuit of multi-level governance in Dutch and UK policies towards migrant incorporation. Jour-nal of International Migration and Integration, 17(4), 973-994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0438-9

Skinner, J., Zakus, D. H., & Cowell, J. (2008). Development through sport: Building social capital in disadvantaged communities. Sport management review, 11(3), 253-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70112-8

Spaaij, R., Broerse, J., Oxford, S., Luguetti, C., McLachlan, F., McDonald, B., & Panko-wiak, A. (2019). Sport, refugees, and forced migration: A critical review of the literature. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00047

Vietti, F. (2016). Promoting the human rights of forcibly displaced people and migrants through sport. Studi Emigrazione, (203), 475-490.

Vislie, L. (2003). From integration to inclusion: Focusing global trends and changes in the western European societies. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 18 (1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0885625082000042294

Walters, W. (2004). Secure borders, safe haven, domopolitics. Citizenship studies, 8(3), 237-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362102042000256989

Weber M. (1971), Economie et société. Paris, Plon. [ed.or. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Tübingen, Mohr, 1922].

Weber M. (1992). Essais sur la théorie de la science. Paris, Pocket. [ed.or. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, Tübingen, Mohr, 1922].

Wihtol de Wenden, C. (2009). Convergences et divergences des politiques d’immigration entre la France et l’Allemagne. Hommes & migrations, (1277), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.150

Wihtol de Wenden, C. (2018). Crise des migrations ou crise des politiques d’asile et ses effets sur les territoires d’accueil. Hommes Migrations, (4), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.7166

Downloads

Published

2021-12-22